50-52

 //Rilke—//(December 4th 1875 – December 29th 1926) Rainer Maria Rilke is considered to be one of the German language’s greatest 20th century poets. His themes, which include profound anxiety, position him as a transitional figure between traditional and modernist poets. In “The Lives of Animals,” Elizabeth Costello references his poem “The Panther.”

//Ted Hughes –// Edward James Hughes (August 17th, 1930 – October 28th, 1998) was an English poet and children’s writer known as Ted Hughes. He was often ranked as one of the best poets of his generation by critics. He was British Poet Laureate from 1984 until his death. In “The Lives of Animals,” Elizabeth Costello discusses his poems “The Jaguar” and “Second Glance at a Jaguar,” and she feels that he is writing against Rilke.

//concentric lope-// In this sense, concentric means “having a common center,” while lope means “to canter leisurely with a rather long, easy stride, as a horse.” In “The Lives of Animals,” it is describes that the bars of the cage compel a “concentric lope” on the panther. It is the energy around a center, an image that comes from physics. Beyond the panther is the vital embodiment of the kind of force that is released in an atomic explosion. //Stupefied –// To deprive of sensibility; to blunt the faculty of perception or understanding in. //Narcotized –// To make dull; deaden the awareness of.

//51// //Collective unconscious --// A term of analytical psychology coined by Carl Jung. It is known as a “reservoir of the experiences our species.” It is referenced in “The Lives of Animals” when discussing a dream-like experience. //52// //Blake—(//November 28th, 1757 – August 12th, 1827) An English poet, painter and printmaker. During his lifetime, and for 50 years afterwards, his work was regarded to be that of a ‘madman.’ Though he is not considered to have been a spiritual visionary of the Romantic age, his work has been said to form “what is in proportion to its merits the least read body of poetry in the English language.”

//Lawrence// – (September 11th, 1885 – March 2nd, 1930) David Herbert Richards Lawrence was an English author, poet, playwright, essaying and literary critic. His works represent a reflection upon the dehumanizing effects of modernity and industrialization. In them, Lawrence confronts issues of emotional health, spontaneity, and instinct. // Gary Snyder// – (born May 8th, 1930) American poet, essayist, lecturer, and environmental activist. He is a winner of the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. His work reflects an immersion in Buddhist spirituality and nature. He has also translated literature into English from ancient Chinese and modern Japanese. For many years, he served as a faculty member at the University of California, Davis, as well as on the California Arts Council.   //Robinson Jeffers –// (January 10th, 1887 – January 20th, 1962) American poet known for his work about the central California coast. Most of his poetry was written in classic narrative and epic form, but today he is also known for his short verse, and considered an icon of the environmental movement.