22-23


 * Term || Definition ||
 * **Augustine** || // (354 – 430) // Roman Catholicism. Important figure in early Christianity, emphasised man’s need for grace. Famous for his fusion of Platonic and Biblical philosophy, considered one of the greatest thinkers of Christianity.

||
 * **Aquinas** || // (1225 – 1274) // St. Thomas Aquinas. Italian philosopher famous for reconciling the church with Aristotelian philosophies; and argued that reason is able to operate within faith, according to its own laws, therefore seeing some division between faith and reason.

||
 * **Descartes** || //(1596- 1650)// René Descartes. 17th century French philosopher who argued against the traditional mindset of the time, saying that it is possible for humans to explain the laws of nature and man. Famous for the saying //Cogito ergo sum// (‘I think, therefore I am’)

||
 * **Bentham** || //(1748 – 1831)// Jeremy Bentham. English philosopher who laid foundations for utilitarianism: the philosophy that judges everything on utility, or usefulness, in promoting greatest happiness.

||
 * **Mary Midgely** || // (1919 - ) // English contemporary philosopher known for her work on ethics, religion and human relationships with animals. Written about how humans should oppose scientific theories, and how much can be learned from nature, particularly animals. Many works focus on man’s relationship with animals, including: //Beast and Man: The Root of Human Nature, Animals and Why They Matter// and //The Ethical Primate: Humans, Freedom and Morality//

||
 * **Tom Regan** || //(1938 - )// American philosopher who specialises in animal rights theory and argued that non-humans, too, are bearers of rational thought and moral. His work has influenced many animal liberation movements. Famous for his work: __The Case for Animal Rights__

||
 * **automatons** ||  Someone who responds in a mechanical, robotic way; a mechanic figure of a human or animal.

|| ||
 * **St. Thomas** || //See Aquinas//
 * **Plato** || //(428BC – 347BC)// Ancient Greek philosopher who is considered to be one of the founding fathers of Western thought. Instead of the traditional rhetoric, he believed that reason should govern a society.

||
 * **Immanuel Kant** || // (1724 – 1804) // German philosopher who believed that there were limitations of reason, meaning no one can ever know of an existence of an afterlife or God. **//Believed that respect is limited only to beings with rational thought: therefore babies, the mentally disabled and ANIMALS should not be given respect.//**

||