36-41

Origin: 1570–80; < L //rōstrum// snout, bill, beak of a bird, ship's prow (in pl., speaker's platform), equiv. to //rōd//(//ere//) to gnaw, bite (cf. rodent ) Context – “Standing before the microphone without her text before her, gripping the edges of the __rostrum__, his mother looks distinctly nervous.” || ** Nonplussed  ** ||  A state of utter perplexity/ confusion. Origin: 1575–85; (n.) < L //nōn plūs// lit., not more, no further, i.e., a state in which nothing more can be done Context – “the dean looks __­nonplussed__” || Origin: 1350–1400; ME //proscripcioun// < L //prōscrīptiōn-// (s. of //prōscrīptiō//) public notice of confiscation or outlawry, equiv. to //prōscrīpt//(//us//) (ptp. of //prōscrībere// to proscribe  ) + //-iōn-// -ion Context – ‘I have never been much interested in __proscriptions__, dietary or otherwise. __Proscriptions__, laws” || Context – “The response in question comes from Plutarch’s moral essays.” || A gauntlet-wearing knight would challenge a fellow knight or enemy to a duel by throwing one of his gauntlets on the ground. The opponent would pick up the gauntlet to accept the challenge. Context – “Producing Plutarch is like throwing down a gauntlet; after that, there is no knowing what will happen”. || ** ||  A famous American photographer, known mostly for photos from her New York City apartment and for her 1951 photograph //An American Girl in Italy//. Orkin is best known for her naturalistic urban portrayals of Europeans and New Yorkers in the '40s, '50s and '60s, and for a series of photos she took from her New York City apartment with a view of Central Park (//A World Through My Window//, 1978 and //More Pictures From My Window//, 1983). Context – “__Ruth Orkin__, from Psychology, is telling mother about an experiment with a young chimpanzee reared as human. Asked to sort __photographs__ into piles, the chimpanzee insisted on putting a picture of herself with the picture of humans rather than with the pictures of other apes.” Referred as a fictional character in __Lives of Animals.__ || Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian diplomat, political philosopher, musician, poet and playwright. He is most famous for one of his shorter works, //The Prince//, described as a work of realist political theory. He was a figure of the Italian Renaissance and a servant of the Florentine Republic. Therefore, in context of Lives of Animals, it signifies to be characterized by subtle or unscrupulous cunning, deception, expediency, or dishonesty. Context – “Or she may just have wanted to pleaser her keeper,” interjects President Garrard. “By saying that they looked alike” “A bit ­__Machiavellian__ for an animal, don’t you think?” says a large blond man whose name did not catch. || Context – “He has never heard Wunderlich before. He likes him, likes his earnest, stuttering, Oxford manner. A relief from American self-confidence”. || Context – “‘The problem is to define our difference from animals in general, not just from so-called unclean animals (…) ‘But that’s just __­anthropology__,’ objects Norma from the foot of the table.” ||
 * Term 36-41 || Definition/Explanation ||
 * 36
 * Rostrum ** || Any platform, stage, or the like, for public speaking.
 * 37
 * ** Proscriptions  ** || An imposed restraint or restriction; prohibits something
 * ** 38  **
 * Plutarch ** ||  a.d. c46–c120 Greek biographer and Neo-Platonist philosopher noted for his ethical insights. He wrote //Parallel Lives,// a collection of paired biographies of famous Greek and Roman figures that Shakespeare used as source material for his Roman plays. He evaluated the character and conduct of these many Greek and Roman rulers in this major work.
 * ** Throwing down a gauntlet  ** ||  To " throw down the gauntlet**"** is to issue a challenge
 * ** President Garrard  ** || ||
 * ** 39  **
 * Ruth Orkin
 * ** Machiavellian  ** || Being or acting in accordance with the principles of government analyzed in Machiavelli's //The Prince,// in which political convenience is placed above morality and the use of deceit to maintain authority and carry out the policies of a ruler is described.
 * ** 40  **
 * Wunderlich ** || Dr.Wunderlich
 * ** Olivia Garrard  ** || ||
 * ** 41  **
 * Anthropology ** ||  The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind. It studies human beings' similarity to and divergence from other animals.